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Accuracy understanding of the message to be
delivered and the extent to which it is
Linguistic accuracy refers to how well
the learners abide by the structural planned and structured in the learner’s
rules of the target language. Accuracy before the delivery of the speech.
is “the ability to produce error-free Utterance fluency is the actual language
speech” (Ellis, 2003, as cited in Housen performance and that is the component
and Kuiken, 2009, p.461). “It is the that can be measured. The utterance
degree of conformity to certain norms” fluency is gauged using the indices
of a particular language (Pallotti, 2009, such as number of words per T-unit
p. 592). Grammatical Accuracy is or minute, the frequency and length
defined as “the proportion of error-free of speech, repetitions, reformulation,
T-units to T-units” (Larsen- Freeman, replacements and false starts.
2006, p. 597). There are many kinds of
grammatical errors, namely the subject- CALF: An automatic analytic tool
verb agreement, tense usage, article for complexity, accuracy, lexis and
usage and punctuations. There are fluency
accordingly specific measures to gauge
these different types of errors and the The CALF tool which is an automatic
general measures to produce one value analytic tool for analyzing the
which is representative enough of all complexity, accuracy and fluency of
kinds of errors in language production spoken and written language was
(Bui & Skehan, 2018). developed by Gavin Bui and Peter
Skehan (2016). The written or spoken
Fluency language data need to be transcribed

Linguistic fluency refers to the ease of and coded in a specific way and then
communication and the smooth delivery be updated on the CALF main system.
of the intended message. Fluency is “the On the system, the coded files will be
extent to which the language produced processed and give an output of a range
in performing a task manifests pausing, of measures of complexity, accuracy,
hesitation, or reformulation” (Ellis, lexis and fluency. It is important to
2003, as cited in Housen and Kuiken, note that the CALF measures are not
2009, p.461). It is also defined as the accurate measurements of learners’ oral
“capacity to produce speech at normal language proficiency. These measures
rate and without interruption or as the are only indicative of the English
production of language in real time language proficiency based on the
without pausing or hesitation” (Pallotti, transcribed data. These measures can
2009, p. 591). Fluency is measured as primarily be used for research purposes
the “average number of words per in applied linguistics and also can
T-unit” (Larsen- Freeman, 2006, p. 597). further be developed and automated
Linguistic fluency can further be divided for efficient gauging of English language
into cognitive fluency and uttered production.
fluency. Cognitive fluency refers to the
extent to which the learner has a clear A detailed demonstration of the way in
which the spoken data is transcribed

242 Indian Journal of Educational Technology
Volume 3, Issue 2, July 2021