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speech files were categorized and %snd: <tab>- “The duration line. This
labeled with their roll number. A total line indicates the start and end of
of 15 audio files were segregated (1 the utterance in that AS- unit.” (Bui &
each participant) and were stored in Skehan, 2016, p. 4)
folders according to the participants roll %ID: <tab> - “The main working line.
numbers. Later the oral speech of each This line includes all dysfluencies and
of the participants was transcribed into pauses in the actual speech recorded,
plain texts.
and syntactic marking.” (Bui & Skehan,
ii) Transcription 2016, p. 4) The main working line is
coded using the CHAT format.
The next stage was the transcription
of the spoken data using the CHAT The second line which is an automatically
(Codes for Human Analysis of generated one will be explained in the
Transcripts) (MacWhinney, 2000). The next section.
CALF system requires the spoken data iii) Coding
to be transcribed in the CHAT format
to process the input in an efficient The main line is coded for fluency
manner. Brian MacWhinney (2000) (including repairs, fillers, pseudo filled
developed a specific transcription pauses, timing), complexity, accuracy
format for transcribing child’s talk and lexis following the user manual
which was one the two components provided by Bui and Gavin (2016). The
of the CHILDES project which aimed coded transcription (*ID, %snd, %ID in
to develop tools for analyzing talk. The the AS-unit tiers) is then uploaded in the
CHAT system prescribes a set of coding CLAN software to obtain the %mor. The
features which facilitates the analysis second line in the four block tier is %mor
of data using the CLAN software. The and is generated automatically by the
three main components of the CHAT CLAN software when the transcription
format are the file headers, the main is run on CLAN with the command (see
tiers and the dependent tiers. The Appendix A). The %mor line produces
headers give important information the part-of-speech (POS) to each and
of the transcribed data namely the every word in the transcription from the
participants, the setting, the time pruned line. Since it is automatically
and the details of the coder and the generated, the authors advise the POS
participants. The header files are tagging needs to be manually checked
followed by the four block tiers where for ensuring accuracy in the result.
the students’ speech is transcribed into iv) Output
individual AS-unit tiers. The three tier
block for single utterances is The final stage in the analysis is to drop
the completed CLAN (txtin.cha) file in
*ID: <tab>- “The pruned line. the CALF system. The system produces
Utterance transcribed into words a range of results under Complexity,
without dysfluencies or pauses or any Accuracy, Lexis and Fluency. The output
grammatical marking.” (Bui & Skehan, from the CALF tool is derived in five
2016, p. 4) sections (see Appendix B). The first

244 Indian Journal of Educational Technology
Volume 3, Issue 2, July 2021